Abstract The analysis of landscape pattern change is an effective way to understand urbanization. Research area is the core area of urbanization, which is between Zhengzhou city and Kaifeng city in China. Geographic information system (GIS) and landscape metrics method are used to quantify the gradient landscape pattern changes in the study area. The results show an obvious gradient change of landscape pattern from 2005 to 2015. The landscape pattern in the eastern and western of the study area experienced larger changes than the middle area. The western end mainly changed in terms of the patch number, patch shape and anthropogenic influence, but the patch types in the east changed more rapidly than those in the west. Landscape pattern change is influenced by policy and location, and human influence is the main driving force. Unlike previous study areas, in which urbanization expanded from the center of a city to its surroundings, our study area spread from two ends (Zhengzhou and Kaifeng cities) to the center of the study area. This study could be used as a typical case for the gradient analysis of landscape pattern changes during urbanization.

RESUMEN Las fracturas tectónicas son un factor determinante en la producción en la formación Longmaxi, en el área Dingsahn. El análisis de la distribución y grado de desarrollo de las fracturas tectónicas es uno de los principales métodos de investigación en nuestros días. Con base en la información de los afloramientos y el núcleo del pozo, el nuevo método binario se presenta como valor de las fracturas rocosas y de energía para decidir el desarrollo de las fracturas tectónicas. De acuerdo con este método, se ofrece una formula de ajuste sobre la relación del valor de la fractura de la roca, la energía y la densidad de la fractura. Al comparar el valor predictivo de la densidad de fractura y el valor observado en 15 pozos, todos los pozos tienen un error relativo menor al 25 %. La predicción de resultados es exacta. Gracias a la formula de ajuste se obtuvo el desarrollo de la fractura y la distribución en el área de estudio. Los resultados muestran que la densidad de la fractura es tan alta como la de la Formación Longmaxi en el área de Dingshan. Los resultados muestran que el sudeste gradualmente reduce la tendencia del noroeste. Estos hallazgos respaldan el futuro de la exploración de gas y petróleo que aporten a las bases geológicas para el área de Dingshan.

ABSTRACT Tectonic fractures are a significant factor for the production of the Longmaxi formation in Dingshan area. The analysis of the distribution and development degree of tectonic fractures is the main research method in present-day. Based on the data of field outcrops and borehole core, the new method-binary method is put forward by rock fracture and energy value to decide tectonic fracture development. According to the method, the fitting formula is offered between the relation of the value of rock fracture, energy, and fracture density. Compared to the fracture density predictive value and the observed value of 15 wells, all wells relative error of less than 25%. The prediction results are accurate. According to the fitting formula of fracture development and distribution in the study area are obtained. The results show that the fracture density is high as a whole of the Longmaxi formation in Dingshan area. Whole shows by southeast to gradually reduce the trend of the northwest. Supported the future of the oil and gas exploration to provide geological basis and guidance in Dingshan area.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have reported that depression may play a crucial role in the occurrence of vertebral fractures. However, a clear correlation between depressive disorders and osteoporotic fractures has not been established. We explored the association between depressive disorders and subsequent new-onset vertebral fractures. Additionally, we aimed to identify the potential risk factors for vertebral fracture in patients with a depressive disorder. METHODS: We studied patients listed in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database who were diagnosed with a depressive disorder by a psychiatrist. The comparison cohort consisted of age- and sex-matched patients without a depressive disorder. The incidence rate and hazard ratios of subsequent vertebral fracture were evaluated. We used Cox regression analysis to evaluate the risk of vertebral fracture among patients with a depressive disorder. RESULTS: The total number of patients with and without a depressive disorder was 44,812. The incidence risk ratio (IRR) between these 2 cohorts indicated that depressive disorder patients had a higher risk of developing a subsequent vertebral fracture (IRR=1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.26-1.57, p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the depressive disorder cohort showed a higher risk of vertebral fracture than the comparison cohort (adjusted hazard ratio=1.24, 95% CI=1.11-1.38, p<0.001). Being older than 50 years, having a lower monthly income, and having hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, autoimmune disease, or osteoporosis were considered predictive factors for vertebral fracture in patients with depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive disorders may increase the risk of a subsequent new-onset vertebral fracture.